It’s pretty easy to make mistakes while programming an AVR’s fuses and making a mistake could seem to render your AVR unusable. Don’t give up, there are three main causes that could lead to this message from avrdude:
avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1
Double check connections and try again, or use -F to override
this check.
- Check the connections between your programmer and the AVR (perhaps one of the leads have fallen out or one of the solder joints are damaged)
- The clock fuses are set for a source you aren’t providing, for more information on fixing this read below
- The SPIEN (SPI enable) fuse has been unprogrammed, this means that you can no longer program with a standard serial programmer (such as a USBTinyISP), to fix this you need a high voltage parallel programmer, for example MightyOhm’s High Voltage Rescue Shield (an arduino is required) or the Atmel AVR Dragon

